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<title>System.map</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">System.map</span></span>

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<p>In <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">

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</style><span class="monospaced"><b>System.map</b></span> file is a <a href="Symbol_table" title="Symbol table">symbol table</a> used by the <a href="Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a>.

</p><p>A symbol table is a look-up between symbol names and their addresses in memory. A symbol name may be the name of a variable or the name of a function. The System.map is required when the address of a symbol name, or the symbol name of an address, is needed. It is especially useful for debugging <a href="Kernel_panic" title="Kernel panic">kernel panics</a> and <a href="Linux_kernel_oops" title="Linux kernel oops">kernel oopses</a>. The kernel does the address-to-name translation itself when <code>CONFIG_KALLSYMS</code> is enabled so that tools like ksymoops are not required.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internals">Internals</h2></div>

<p>The following is part of a <code>System.map</code> file:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="nf">c041bc90</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">b</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">packet_sklist</span>

<span class="nf">c041bc94</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">b</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">packet_sklist_lock</span>

<span class="nf">c041bc94</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">b</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">packet_socks_nr</span>

<span class="nf">ffffe400</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">A</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">__kernel_vsyscall</span>

<span class="nf">ffffe410</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">A</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">SYSENTER_RETURN</span>

<span class="nf">ffffe420</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">A</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">__kernel_sigreturn</span>

<span class="nf">ffffe440</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">A</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">__kernel_rt_sigreturn</span>

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<p>Because addresses may change from one build to the next, a new <code>System.map</code> is generated for each build of the kernel.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbol_types">Symbol types</h3></div>

<p>The character between the address and the symbol (separated by spaces) is the <i>type</i> of a symbol. The <code><a href="Nm_(Unix)" title="Nm (Unix)">nm</a></code> utility program on <a href="Unix_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Unix system">Unix systems</a> lists the symbols from object files. The <code>System.map</code> is directly related to it, in that this file is produced by <code>nm</code> on the whole kernel program – just like <code>nm</code> lists the symbols and their types for any small object programs.<sup id="cite_ref-nm-man_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nm-man-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some of these types are:<sup id="cite_ref-nm-man_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nm-man-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><code>A</code> for absolute</li>

<li><code>B</code> or <code>b</code> for uninitialized data section (called BSS)</li>

<li><code>D</code> or <code>d</code> for initialized data section</li>

<li><code>G</code> or <code>g</code> for initialized data section for small objects (global)</li>

<li><code>i</code> for sections specific to DLLs</li>

<li><code>N</code> for debugging symbol</li>

<li><code>p</code> for stack unwind section</li>

<li><code>R</code> or <code>r</code> for read only data section</li>

<li><code>S</code> or <code>s</code> for uninitialized data section for small objects</li>

<li><code>T</code> or <code>t</code> for text (code) section</li>

<li><code>U</code> for undefined</li>

<li><code>V</code> or <code>v</code> for weak object</li>

<li><code>W</code> or <code>w</code> for weak objects which have not been tagged so</li>

<li><code>-</code> for stabs symbol in an a.out object file</li>

<li><code>?</code> for "symbol type unknown"</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filesystem_location">Filesystem location</h2></div>

<p>After building the <a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>, <code>System.map</code> is located in the root of the source directory. However, some further software installation steps expect to locate the file elsewhere:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>as <code><a href=".//boot/" class="mw-redirect" title="/boot/">/boot/</a>System.map-$(<a href="Uname" title="Uname">uname</a> -r)</code></li>

<li>building <a href="SVGALib" title="SVGALib">SVGAlib</a> expects to find <code>/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/build/System.map</code></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Linux_kernel_oops" title="Linux kernel oops">Linux kernel oops</a></li>

<li><a href="Kernel_panic" title="Kernel panic">Kernel panic</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kernelnewbies.org/FAQ/System.map">"FAQ/System.map - Linux Kernel Newbies"</a>. kernelnewbies.org. 2006-04-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-06</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Jay_Salzman2003" class="citation web cs1">Peter Jay Salzman (2003-05-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rlworkman.net/system.map/">"The system.map File"</a>. Rlworkman.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-06</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-HOWTO/Kernel-HOWTO.html#systemmap">"Kernel-HOWTO"</a>. faqs.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-06</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-nm-man-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nm-man_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nm-man_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linux.die.net/man/1/nm">"nm(1): symbols from object files - Linux man page"</a>. Linux.die.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-06</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linuxmafia.com/faq/Kernel/systemmap.html">"Peter's Notes: System.map"</a>. Linuxmafia.com. 2003-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-06</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

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</style><div id="Linux634" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_Linux" title="History of Linux">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Linus's_law" title="Linus's law">Linus's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a></li>

<li><a href="Booting_process_of_Linux" title="Booting process of Linux">Booting process</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_kernel_oops" title="Linux kernel oops">Kernel oops</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Criticism_of_Linux" title="Criticism of Linux">Criticism of Linux</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_desktop_Linux" title="Criticism of desktop Linux">Criticism of desktop Linux</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU/Linux_naming_controversy" title="GNU/Linux naming controversy">GNU/Linux naming controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanenbaum%E2%80%93Torvalds_debate" title="Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate">Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate</a></li>

<li><a href="SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO and Linux</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Distributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_Linux_distributions" title="Comparison of Linux distributions">General comparison</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Linux_distributions" title="List of Linux distributions">Distributions list</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_netbook-oriented_Linux_distributions" title="Comparison of netbook-oriented Linux distributions">Netbook-specific comparison</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Linux_distributions_that_run_from_RAM" title="List of Linux distributions that run from RAM">Distributions that run from RAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Light-weight_Linux_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Light-weight Linux distribution">Lightweight</a></li>

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<li><a href="Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package manager</a>

<ul><li><a href="Package_format" title="Package format">Package format</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_software_package_management_systems" title="List of software package management systems">List of software package managers</a></li></ul></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="LinuxChix" title="LinuxChix">LinuxChix</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Counter" title="Linux Counter">Linux Counter</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Documentation_Project" title="Linux Documentation Project">Linux Documentation Project</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Mark_Institute" title="Linux Mark Institute">Linux Mark Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_user_group" title="Linux user group">Linux User Group (LUG)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_adoption" title="Linux adoption">Adoption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Linux_adopters" title="List of Linux adopters">Adopters</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_desktop_environments" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux desktop environments">Desktop</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_on_embedded_systems" title="Linux on embedded systems">Embedded</a></li>

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<li><a href="Linux_for_mobile_devices" title="Linux for mobile devices">Mobile</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_range_of_use" title="Linux range of use">Range of use</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_malware" title="Linux malware">Linux malware</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DistroWatch" title="DistroWatch">DistroWatch</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Free_Software_Magazine" title="Free Software Magazine">Free Software Magazine</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Full_Circle_(magazine)" title="Full Circle (magazine)">Full Circle</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Linux.com" title="Linux.com">Linux.com</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Linux_Format" title="Linux Format">Linux Format</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Linux_Gazette" title="Linux Gazette">Linux Gazette</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Linux_Journal" title="Linux Journal">Linux Journal</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Linux_Magazine" title="Linux Magazine">Linux Magazine</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="LinuxUser" title="LinuxUser">LinuxUser</a></i>

<ul><li><i><a href="Ubuntu_User" title="Ubuntu User">Ubuntu User</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Outlaws" title="Linux Outlaws">Linux Outlaws</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Linux_Voice" title="Linux Voice">Linux Voice</a></i></li>

<li><a href="LugRadio" title="LugRadio">LugRadio</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoronix_Test_Suite#Phoronix_website" title="Phoronix Test Suite">Phoronix</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_computer_security_certifications" title="List of computer security certifications">Security<br>certifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CompTIA_Linux%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="CompTIA Linux+">CompTIA Linux+</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Foundation_Linux_Certification" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux Foundation Linux Certification">Linux Foundation</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ALinux" title="Portal:Linux">Linux portal</a></b></li>

<li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AFree_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Linux_kernel514" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Linux_kernel514" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Kernel19" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kernel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Mark_Institute" title="Linux Mark Institute">Linux Mark Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Linus's_law" title="Linus's law">Linus's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanenbaum%E2%80%93Torvalds_debate" title="Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate">Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate</a></li>

<li><a href="SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO disputes</a></li>

<li><a href="Linaro" title="Linaro">Linaro</a></li>

<li><a href="Menuconfig" title="Menuconfig">menuconfig</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Linux-supported_computer_architectures" title="List of Linux-supported computer architectures">Supported computer architectures</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_kernel_version_history" title="Linux kernel version history">Version history</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_Linux" title="Criticism of Linux">Criticism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Developers

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Linux_Programming_Interface" title="The Linux Programming Interface">The Linux Programming Interface</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Kernel.org" title="Kernel.org">kernel.org</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux conference">Linux conferences</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Users

<ul><li><a href="Linux_user_group" title="Linux user group">Linux User Group (LUG)</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Werner_Almesberger" title="Werner Almesberger">Werner Almesberger</a></li>

<li><a href="H._Peter_Anvin" title="H. Peter Anvin">H. Peter Anvin</a></li>

<li><a href="Jens_Axboe" title="Jens Axboe">Jens Axboe</a></li>

<li><a href="Moshe_Bar_(investor)" title="Moshe Bar (investor)">Moshe Bar</a></li>

<li><a href="Suparna_Bhattacharya" title="Suparna Bhattacharya">Suparna Bhattacharya</a></li>

<li><a href="Andries_Brouwer" title="Andries Brouwer">Andries Brouwer</a></li>

<li><a href="Matthew_Garrett" title="Matthew Garrett">Matthew Garrett</a></li>

<li><a href="Avi_Kivity" title="Avi Kivity">Avi Kivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Con_Kolivas" title="Con Kolivas">Con Kolivas</a></li>

<li><a href="Greg_Kroah-Hartman" title="Greg Kroah-Hartman">Greg Kroah-Hartman</a></li>

<li><a href="Benson_Leung" title="Benson Leung">Benson Leung</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Love" title="Robert Love">Robert Love</a></li>

<li><a href="David_S._Miller" title="David S. Miller">David S. Miller</a></li>

<li><a href="Ingo_Moln%C3%A1r" title="Ingo Molnár">Ingo Molnár</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_Morton_(computer_programmer)" title="Andrew Morton (computer programmer)">Andrew Morton</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans_Reiser" title="Hans Reiser">Hans Reiser</a></li>

<li><a href="Rusty_Russell" title="Rusty Russell">Rusty Russell</a></li>

<li><a href="Shuah_Khan" title="Shuah Khan">Shuah Khan</a></li>

<li><a href="Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodore_Ts'o" title="Theodore Ts'o">Theodore Ts'o</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_Tweedie" title="Stephen Tweedie">Stephen Tweedie</a></li>

<li><a href="Harald_Welte" title="Harald Welte">Harald Welte</a></li>

<li><a href="Chris_Wright_(programmer)" title="Chris Wright (programmer)">Chris Wright</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debugging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Ftrace" title="Ftrace">ftrace</a></li>

<li><a href="Kdump_(Linux)" title="Kdump (Linux)">kdump</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_kernel_oops" title="Linux kernel oops">Linux kernel oops</a></li>

<li><a href="SystemTap" title="SystemTap">SystemTap</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Booting_process_of_Linux" title="Booting process of Linux">Startup</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vmlinux" title="Vmlinux">vmlinux</a></li>

<li><a href="Dracut_(software)" title="Dracut (software)">dracut</a></li>

<li><a href="Initrd" class="mw-redirect" title="Initrd">initrd</a></li>

<li><a href="Initramfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Initramfs">initramfs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_kernel_interfaces" title="Linux kernel interfaces">ABIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">Linux Standard Base</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_kernel_interfaces" title="Linux kernel interfaces">APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kernel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_kernel_interfaces#SCI" title="Linux kernel interfaces">System Call<br>Interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ioctl" title="Ioctl">ioctl</a></li>

<li><a href="Select_(Unix)" title="Select (Unix)">select</a></li>

<li><a href="Close_(system_call)" title="Close (system call)">close</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_kernel_interfaces#Additions_to_POSIX" title="Linux kernel interfaces">Linux-only</a>

<ul><li><a href="Futex" title="Futex">futex</a></li>

<li><a href="Epoll" title="Epoll">epoll</a></li>

<li><a href="Splice_(system_call)" title="Splice (system call)">splice</a></li>

<li><a href="Dnotify" title="Dnotify">dnotify</a></li>

<li><a href="Inotify" title="Inotify">inotify</a></li>

<li><a href="Readahead" title="Readahead">readahead</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_kernel_interfaces#In–kernel_APIs" title="Linux kernel interfaces">In-kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Crypto_API_(Linux)" title="Crypto API (Linux)">Crypto API</a></li>

<li><a href="Io_uring" title="Io uring">io uring</a></li>

<li><a href="Kernfs_(Linux)" title="Kernfs (Linux)">kernfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_barrier" title="Memory barrier">Memory barrier</a></li>

<li><a href="Video4Linux" title="Video4Linux">Video4Linux</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">Userspace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Daemon_(computing)" title="Daemon (computing)">Daemons</a>,<br><a href="Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">File systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>bpffs</li>

<li><a href="Configfs" title="Configfs">configfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Devfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Devfs">devfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Devpts" title="Devpts">devpts</a></li>

<li><a href="Debugfs" title="Debugfs">debugfs</a></li>

<li>hugetlbfs</li>

<li>pipefs</li>

<li><a href="Procfs" title="Procfs">procfs</a></li>

<li>securityfs</li>

<li>sockfs</li>

<li><a href="Sysfs" title="Sysfs">sysfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Tmpfs" title="Tmpfs">tmpfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Systemd" title="Systemd">systemd</a>

<li><a href="Kmscon" title="Kmscon">Kmscon</a></li>

<li><a href="Binfmt_misc" title="Binfmt misc">binfmt_misc</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Wrapper_library" title="Wrapper library">Wrapper<br>libraries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="C_standard_library" title="C standard library">C standard library</a>

<ul><li><a href="Glibc" title="Glibc">glibc</a></li>

<li><a href="UClibc" title="UClibc">uClibc</a></li>

<li><a href="Bionic_(software)" title="Bionic (software)">Bionic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Libhybris" title="Libhybris">libhybris</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dietlibc" title="Dietlibc">dietlibc</a></li>

<li><a href="Embedded_GLIBC" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded GLIBC">EGLIBC</a></li>

<li><a href="Klibc" title="Klibc">klibc</a></li>

<li><a href="Newlib" title="Newlib">Newlib</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cgroups" title="Cgroups">libcgroup</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct_Rendering_Manager" title="Direct Rendering Manager">libdrm</a></li>

<li><a href="Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture" title="Advanced Linux Sound Architecture">libalsa</a></li>

<li><a href="Evdev" title="Evdev">libevdev</a></li>

<li><a href="Libusb" title="Libusb">libusb</a></li>

<li><a href="Io_uring" title="Io uring">liburing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">Kernel modules</a></li>

<li><a href="BlueZ" class="mw-redirect" title="BlueZ">BlueZ</a></li>

<li><a href="Cgroups" title="Cgroups">cgroups</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_console" title="Linux console">Console</a></li>

<li><a href="Bcache" title="Bcache">bcache</a></li>

<li><a href="Device_mapper" title="Device mapper">Device mapper</a></li>

<li><a href="Dm-cache" title="Dm-cache">dm-cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Dm-crypt" title="Dm-crypt">dm-crypt</a></li>

<li><a href="Evdev" title="Evdev">evdev</a></li>

<li><a href="Kernel_same-page_merging" title="Kernel same-page merging">Kernel same-page merging</a> (KSM)</li>

<li><a href="Linux_framebuffer" title="Linux framebuffer">Framebuffer</a></li>

<li><a href="KMS_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="KMS driver">KMS driver</a></li>

<li><a href="Netfilter" title="Netfilter">Netfilter</a></li>

<li><a href="Netlink" title="Netlink">Netlink</a></li>

<li><a href="Nftables" title="Nftables">nftables</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="Zswap" title="Zswap">zswap</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Scheduling_(computing)#Linux" title="Scheduling (computing)">Process and I/O schedulers</a>:</li>

<li><a href="Brain_Fuck_Scheduler" title="Brain Fuck Scheduler">Brain Fuck Scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="Completely_Fair_Scheduler" title="Completely Fair Scheduler">Completely Fair Scheduler</a> (CFS)</li>

<li><a href="Earliest_eligible_virtual_deadline_first_scheduling" title="Earliest eligible virtual deadline first scheduling">Earliest eligible virtual deadline first</a> (EEVDF)</li>

<li><a href="Noop_scheduler" title="Noop scheduler">Noop scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="O(n)_scheduler" title="O(n) scheduler">O(n) scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="O(1)_scheduler" title="O(1) scheduler">O(1) scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="SCHED_DEADLINE" title="SCHED DEADLINE">SCHED_DEADLINE</a></li>

<li><a href="SCHED_FIFO" class="mw-redirect" title="SCHED FIFO">SCHED_FIFO</a></li>

<li><a href="SCHED_RR" class="mw-redirect" title="SCHED RR">SCHED_RR</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Linux_Security_Modules" title="Linux Security Modules">Security Modules</a>: <a href="AppArmor" title="AppArmor">AppArmor</a></li>

<li><a href="Exec_Shield" title="Exec Shield">Exec Shield</a></li>

<li><a href="Seccomp" title="Seccomp">seccomp</a></li>

<li><a href="Security-Enhanced_Linux" title="Security-Enhanced Linux">SELinux</a></li>

<li><a href="Smack_(software)" title="Smack (software)">Smack</a></li>

<li><a href="Tomoyo_Linux" title="Tomoyo Linux">Tomoyo Linux</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_PAM" title="Linux PAM">Linux PAM</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device drivers</a>

<li><a href="Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">graphics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Raw_device" title="Raw device">Raw device</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Initramfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Initramfs">initramfs</a></li>

<li><a href="KernelCare" title="KernelCare">KernelCare</a></li>

<li><a href="Kexec" title="Kexec">kexec</a></li>

<li><a href="KGraft" title="KGraft">kGraft</a></li>

<li><a href="Kpatch" title="Kpatch">kpatch</a></li>

<li><a href="Ksplice" title="Ksplice">Ksplice</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mainline_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainline Linux">Mainline</a>

<ul><li><a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="High-performance_computing" title="High-performance computing">High-performance computing</a>

<li><a href="Compute_Node_Linux" title="Compute Node Linux">Compute Node Linux</a></li>

<li><a href="Slurm_Workload_Manager" title="Slurm Workload Manager">SLURM</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a>

<ul><li><a href="RTLinux" title="RTLinux">RTLinux</a></li>

<li><a href="Xenomai" title="Xenomai">Xenomai</a></li>

<li><a href="PREEMPT_RT" title="PREEMPT RT">PREEMPT_RT</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">MMU</a>-less

<ul><li><a href="%CE%9CClinux" title="ΜClinux">μClinux</a></li>

<li><a href="PSXLinux" title="PSXLinux">PSXLinux</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Virtualization18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Virtualization" title="Virtualization">Virtualization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hypervisor" title="Hypervisor">Hypervisor</a>

<li><a href="OS-level_virtualization" title="OS-level virtualization">OS-level virtualization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Linux-VServer" title="Linux-VServer">Linux-VServer</a></li>

<li><a href="Lguest" title="Lguest">Lguest</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenVZ" title="OpenVZ">OpenVZ</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Other

<ul><li><a href="L4Linux" title="L4Linux">L4Linux</a></li>

<li><a href="User-mode_Linux" title="User-mode Linux">User-mode Linux</a></li>

<li><a href="MkLinux" title="MkLinux">MkLinux</a></li>

<li><a href="Cooperative_Linux" title="Cooperative Linux">coLinux</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_adoption" title="Linux adoption">Adoption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rangeof_use48" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_range_of_use" title="Linux range of use">Range<br>of use</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Linux_desktop_environments" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux desktop environments">Desktop</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_on_embedded_systems" title="Linux on embedded systems">Embedded</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_games_and_Linux" title="Video games and Linux">Gaming</a></li>

<li>Thin client:

<li>Server:

<li><a href="Linux-powered_device" title="Linux-powered device">Devices</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adopters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Linux_adopters" title="List of Linux adopters">List of Linux adopters</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ALinux" title="Portal:Linux">Linux portal</a></b></li>

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